Historical and Social Aspects as recorded in the Diary of Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai 4th Novermber, 1761 to 18th October, 1762
Introduction:
The diary of Rangappa Thiruvengadam
Pillai was found along with Ananda Rangapillai diary. After a long gap this
diary was edited by S.Jeyaseela Stephen and published by Puducherry Institute
of Linguistic Culture in two volumes during the year 2000. There are number of
research works published on Ananda Rangapillai diary. But there seems to be no study
which has been carried out on Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai diary. Hence an attempt
is made to present here and highlight the more significant contents of the
Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai diary.
Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai was
the son of Thiruvengadam (younger brother of Ananda Ranga Pillai) and he was
born on 15th February, 1737. He was called with the pet name Appavu.
He got married to Kalathiammal on 18th June, 1755 in an elaborate
function incurring a sum of two lakhs as recorded in the diary of Ananda Ranga
Pillai. He had two daughters namely Mangathal, Kanagavalliammal and a son Muthu
Vijaya Thiruvengadam Pillai. He was appointed as French company’s courtier and
on 10th February, 1776 nominated as the leader of Indian people in
Puducherry. On 5th October, 1776 he was appointed as agent of French East India
Company. On 3rd November, 1778 he assumed the post of Chef des
Indien de Malabars and on 16th December, 1776 also became the agent
for Puducherry Mint.1
He knew French, Portuguese, Persian, Telugu besides Tamil.2
Description of the diary:
The first volume of Rangappa
Thiruvengadam Pillai diary starts from October, 1760 mentioned in the tamil
year Vikarama on 25th day of Puratasi, Tuesday and ends on 22nd
October, 1762 tamil year Chitrabanu, Iyppasi month, 10th Saturday. A
total of 290 days’ events has been edited and published in this first volume.
During the year 1760 there are only 18 days’ record spanning over five months
and from 12th January, 1761 to 15th September, 1761 in
seven months there seems to be no entry of any records, and this may be due to
loss which was kept for a long period. It is also noted that entries on all
days are found throughout May, June and August, 1762. There are also entries
mentioning that there is no news with blank pages on 32 days. It is to be pointed
that following the same structure, language and description of Ananda Ranga
Pillai diary the events, occurrences are written in a slang that was spoken
during that period and in a colloquial way. The development of prose writing
had developed only after the advent of Missionaries,3
English Colonial rulers and Christian priests, even though sentence and
narration could be seen in the epigraphy, Tamil poems description and copper
plates thousands of year before. It took couple of century that todays’ Tamil
prose writing has developed in different way such as speech or colloquial way
and formal one. The days are mentioned both in Tamil calendar and time as
Nazhigai as well as in Gregorian calendar. There are also long narration
running to 3 to 4 pages in the diary. He has mentioned specific names of all
those persons described and when the name is not known he has written it as
name not known (பேர் விளங்கான்)
There are several new social events
and interesting facts that could be known from this diary. An extract of the
chronological events that took place during the period Rangappa Thiruvengadam
Pillai who lived in Tharangambadi and the socio-political scenario that is
seen, heard and experienced are narrated in this article. The period of this
diary was written during the 18th century when third Carnatic war
(1758-1763) took place. The French had been defeated in the battle of Wandiwash
(Vandavasi) during January, 1761. Puducherry was besieged by the British East
India Company on 15th January, 1761 by Eyre Coote and Ananda Ranga
Pillai expired three days before the occupation of British. Rangappa
Thiruvengadam Pillai performed the last rites of his paternal uncle and when
the English army continued bombardment and destruction continued, Rangappa
Thiruvengadam Pillai left Puducherry to the Danish enclave at Tharangambadi on
27th February, 1761. It seems that he stayed in Porayar near
Tharangambadi. From there only he has recorded this first volume, the events
that occurred and most of facts are by hearsay i.e, news, events, facts that
came to be known by him. There are detailed descriptions of political
activities that came to be heard by him. There are also some important
occurrences which seems that are not focused or published so for. Hence this
study enumerates the chronological events that is recorded in the First volume
of Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai.
Death of Ananda Ranga Pillai on 12th January,
1761
Ananda Rangapillai was suffering
from illness and dehydration for three days. Even though local traditional
medicines were given and he died on early hours on 12-01-1761. The information
was sent to the Governor, French officials and relatives. Rangappa Thiruvengadam
Pillai arranged the last rites and the pyre was performed with sandalwood.
Besiege of French in Puducherry and expatriation to
Tharangambadi by Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai family
During November, 1760 Ananda Ranga
Pillai’s son Annasamy went away from Puducherry and subsequently during
November and December, 1760 the English forces bombarded with cannon and
artillery in many parts of Puducherry. Due to tense situation the French
authorities advised Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai to leave Puducherry. Hence
during the Tamil month Thai 6th day i.e in the first week of January, 1761 the
diarist enquired the fishermen to leave through sea coast to Tharangambadi by a
boat. The fishermen told that the boat costs 150 rupees, transporting costs 450
rupees and he has to pay 600 rupees to the Nainar the Police chief. Nainar has
said that he will arrange 10 persons for transportation with food and crew.
Then Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai took out essential house hold items, three
knives and Katari (a kind of knife with wide handle) and registers and went to
the seashore near customs house to board on the boat. A boat with sailors came
and ten of family members got into the boat, fierce sea waves tumbled the boat
twice and grounded on the shore. The boat was filled with sea water which
dampened the clothes, bags, registers. Hence they returned back to their house.
Next day he also came to know that
Colonel Eyre Coote, Governor Pigot has arrived at the Puducherry Governor
residence conversed with French Governor Lally and other officers. There was a
conditional negotiation of capitulation to let of European residents and elite
people, since they are suffering without salary for many days; to confiscate
the French company items; to apprehend the French officers and soldiers and
emigrate away.
Chronological Date wise events:
04-11-1761: It is recorded that during November,
1760 when the English began to occupy Puducherry fort and forced the people to
flee, the diarist requested Eyre Coote to provide four dollies (Palanquins) and
some servants. Coote has demanded 2,000 varagan and then only he will be
permitted to go out. Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai has assured that he will
give the money after reaching Tharangambadi and has given a bail out by
representing a surety of his son-in-law.
18-11-1761:
There were four events that took place on this date, (1) When Rangappa
Thiruvengadam Pillai left Puducherry and while coming out of the town the English
soldiers confiscated wooden boxes and his belongings, sent them to
Chennapattinam. Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai had been continuously writing
letters to get back his materials. (2) From Chennapattinam a ship loaded with
guns, ammunition, soldiers went to Bengal (3) There was a dispute between Nawab
Mohamed Ali khan and colonel Kelly and negotiation was finalised to settle 20
lakhs but Mohamed Ali refused to pay and war began and soldiers died, fort was
ruined and more disorder occurred (4) A news about the death of Killedar (Fort Commander)
at Perumukkal (9 KM from Tindivanam) is recorded.
20 & 22-11-1761: Paper letters
were received from Vengatampettai Chidambaranatha Pillai and from
Parangipettai, Namasivaya Mudali. Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai sent reply to
Namasivaya Mudali about his financial dealings and the copy of the entire
letter recorded on these days.
NOTE: It seems that letter correspondence
has been written in both palm leaf and paper during 18th century.
Since Ananda Ranga Pillai and Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai where elite peoples
and influential, they received papers and wrote on them. But ordinary people
might have not any access to paper and paper was not available abundantly
during that period.
06-12-1761:
At 6.30 in the morning Pillai’s housemaid Elly gave birth a male child and died
after four days. Elly was suffering with severe fever, epilepsy and died.
Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai performed her funeral as per tradition.
21-12-1761:
Mr.Wolappam a French man has taught French language to Ayyasamy, and the number
of days and classes taken for all the 12 months during the year 1762 as
mentioned in the register are shown in the diary and that too in Tamil letters.
30-12-1761:
A long description of a message received from Muthapillai is recorded on this
date. It is about Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai’s materials, goods and some
jewels, coral in a small packet which was taken away by the English and a long
negotiation took place with Governor Pigot’s concubine Jackey John and her
Dubashi Pachaiaya Pillai. The negotiators told to give petition to the Governor
for returning the materials and they gave a coral chain and 1000 varagan, 500 varagan
to Dubashi Patchiaya Pillai. Governor Pigot has told that he will do whatever
possible by him. When they met Vengatachalam pillai in his house Muthapillai
has given gifts of gold coated two shirts and sandalwood. But even after months
and days and meeting various other persons no steps were taken to return the
materials back.
11-01-1762:
When the diarist went to Tharangambadi Danish Fort riding on a horse he met the
Council Head Herman Abbestee near the river. Both got down and Abbestee frankly
talked with him. Abbestee narrated that he was serving in Yazhpanam (Jaffna,
Srilanka) and had good experience and met people. When he decided to come to this
place he first came to Mysore and travelled through Jungle under disguise of a Muslim
escaping from a thief, animals and arrived Thirukadayur and he came to
Tharangambadi finally.
10-02-1762:
The diarist wrote letters to Heguel, Lorenjt who are agents/commanders of
French company in Mysore and sent them through a Brahmin. Another letter from
Goa written by Desforges Boucher on 25-07-1761 reached Tharangambadi by land
from Isle of France. It is stated that he along with St.George was appointed to
take care of French people in Puducherry. The ships and soldiers were struck by
the storm and met with untoward incidents. They were not happy on the siege of
Puducherry and the sufferings of the people should be halted, they will arrive with
more ships, frigates, and told them until their arrival to retain Gingee and
Thiagadurgam with available French soldiers. It is also written that to pacify
the French people and to tell them assurances. A copy of this letter in French
and translated in Tamil by Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai are recorded in the
diary.
NOTE: From this letter it seems that the
letter took five months to reach from France to Tharangambadi, by this time
Puducherry was occupied and Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai left the place.
In
another entry on this same day, the above said letter was kept in Mauritius and
the French company council has given the details of naval ships anchored there.
The details of the ships, frigates with name of the ship, number of cannons,
artillery guns are noted with a total number of 30 ships.
19-02-1762: Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai’s wife
gave birth a male child at 18 Nazikai i.e, 7.20 P.M and he was happy and had
called for the astrologer and wrote the panchangam.
27-02-1762: Some of his relatives came to his
house for the celebration of new born child and were happy to see the child,
they said the child will shine bright and there will be no curse. He gave gifts
to brahmins, relatives and arranged a grand feast to all including Christians.
28-02-1762: The infant developed sudden illness
and treatment was given, but it did not improve, worsened and died. He consoled
himself and with some relatives the child was buried in the graveyard.
04-03-1762: Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai wrote
seven letters to Chidambaram, Bhuvanagiri, Parangipettai, Poonthamalli and
Mylapore and gave the letters to Ramanji Pandithar to deliver to the respective
addresses.
06-03-1762: After receiving the previous day
letters Ramanji Pandithar had told that he will deliver the letters and return
back in 20 days.
NOTE: During 18th century the
tapal/postal letters were given to brahmins or to the persons who are trusted for
their confidentiality and deputed by noble and elite people to personally
handover them to the destination.
14-04-1762: Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai received
a palm leaf message and after reading he wrote reply about the unfortunate
incident that took place in Karaikal which enraged the English authorities. He
also came to know others say that Ananda Rangapillai’s son is noble person and
he cites an idom that strength of elephant will be known to lion and not to the
dog and jackel, hence the authorities should give a task to be done by right
person thoroughly knowing beforehand. He also given another example that the
palm leaf message is shown to him like when the Pandavas were in Aranyam during
exile, Duroyadana went with much fanfare to show his greatness.
18-04-1762:
Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai’s wife Kalathiammal was suffering from diarrhoea
and medicines were given. Pillai was in Tharangapadi and his house located in
Porayar, he immediately rushed to the house and even though treatment was given
she expired. Cremation took place next day and all important persons, relatives
attended the ceremony.
29-04-1762:
He came to know that 10 to 15 days back a chetty requested a colonel that he
wanted to be appointed as Chief Dubashi and he will give 15,000 varagan to the
Governor. The Governor waited for four days and called the chetty, he said that
he doesn’t have money, hence he was arrested and put in jail. The chetty
afterwards gave 1,000 varagan and got released. Sonasala pillai has requested
Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai to provide palanquin to carry his mother who had
fallen sick. He gave a palanquin and Sonasala pillai arranged horse and eight
persons to carry and go to Nagapatinam. But on way they lost the route and four
of them ran away and out of another four one had died and with only three of
the remaining palanquin bearers journey proceeded. The thorn in the bushes
harmed one of the palanquin bearer’s leg and could not walk further.
09-05-1762:
In a message received it is stated that Englishmen are bringing cannons, gun powder,
cannon balls to Trichy and wanted to control and administer from
Chennapattinam. There was also a news that in the territory of Mohammed Ali
there were atrocities, looting and robbery taking place. Villupuram revenue
officer Vengatarayan brought two Brahmin ladies for non-payment of taxes, tied
and beaten them and they died. In Thiruvadi one chetti women was dragged out of
house and her saree has fallen. She again dressed and fell into a well nearby
and died. When this chaos went on, some person complained to Governor Pigot in
Chennapattnam. The Governor refused to entertain and told them to go to
Mohammed Ali. There were also dispute occurred in Chidambaram and other places.
Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai lamented by these situations in his diary.
14-05-1762:
Two servants from Hyder Ali’s French camp at Devanahalli in Karnataka has
brought letters to Frenchmen. They informed that the French officers had
instructed to deliver the letters in ten days but they brought it in eight
days. The distance from Devanahalli and Tharangambadi is 30 Kadam i.e,
approxmatly 480 Kilometers. Then the two servants described the distance from
places which are shown below:
Devenahalli
to Kothukottai – 1 Kadam (16 K.M or 10 miles)
Kothukottai
to Rayakottai – 3 Kadam (48 K.M)
Rayakottai
to Kaveripatinam – 3 Kadam (48 K.M)
Kaveripatinam
to Srirangapatina valley – 6 Kadam (96 K.M)
Srirangapatinam
valley to Thiruvannamalai – 3 kadam (48 K.M)
Thiruvannamalai
to Thirukoilur – 2 kadam (32 K.M)
Thirukoilur
to Thiruvennainallur – 1 kadam (16 K.M)
Thiruvennainallur
to Bhuvanagiripatinam – 6 kadam (96 K.M)
Bhuvanagiri
to Lalapetai – 1 kadam (16 K.M)
Lalapettai to Tharangambadi – 3 kadam
(48 K.M)
NOTE: The distances represented during
earlier centuries usually referred as yosanai and kadam. The distance varied
from period to period and the standard distance comes to 16 kilometres or 10
miles approximately which is now more or less coincides with the present day.
Pillai
copied full version of Mohammed Ali’s news, Arani fort and letter for Hegul
which runs to four pages. Mohammed Ali has informed to the Tharangambadi Danish
Governor that the English army is proceeding to attack Thanjavur and so the
deity of Sirkazi, Swamimalai, Vaitheeswaran Koil to be kept at Thillayadi near
Tharangambadi for safety.
25-05-1762:
Pillai received an information in a Zilla (District) that a Zamindar vakil and
two brahmins were roaming with Muslim concubines and they stayed and ate in her
house. They were intended to converted as Muslim and sent information to
Mohammed Ali that that have debts for 700 rupees and 800 rupees. Nawab
immediately sent money to them with a palanquin, soldier and circumcision
ceremony was performed to become Muslims.
In
a long narration there is a deep dejected mood that there was a series of
unfortunate incidents like temple umbrella has fallen down from the chariot
where the deity procession at Sriperumbudur. In Tiruvallikeni a Brahmin broke
Vedanta achariyar idol, and at Katchalaeeswaran temple umbrella broke in the
idol procession and all these incidents indicate that in the country ruled by
Mohammed Ali, the Diwan, officers and other revenue officers are penalising and
torturing the residents to collect tax and pressuring them to sell the cattle
and settle the dues. In one incident at Panamalai near Gingee a Muslim revenue
official pressed a brahmin to give the tax and even after selling all his
wealth, further demanded 150 varagan for which the Brahmin said he had no money
and the officer said that to sell his wife and settle. Then the Brahmin sold
his wife and gave 150 varagan. The Muslim official took Brahmin wife to his
house afterwards the Brahmin wife cut her tongue and died. The diarist also
recorded that during the Chitarai festival in Srirangam the chariot crest top
position has bent and chariot also toppled, all these denotes the critical
situation.
27-05-1762: It is recorded that there was a battle
in Ceylon (Srilanka) between Kandy King and the Dutch. To support the Kandy
king 5 or 6 English ships and a frigate are getting ready to go,4
but the English soldiers refused to go. The French prisoners who were kept in
Chindatripet were consoled and 300 prisoners were sent to fight against the
Dutch. Ayyathambi Vengatasam pillai accompanied in that ship to serve as Dubashi.
03-06-1762: A person named Danam has reported that
in Chidambaram, 5 to 6 days before in the south street an officer had damaged
the Ganesa idol with a stone and the eye and cheek got broken. He also pierced
stomach with a knife. He suddenly fell down and died. Some has seen that tears
came from the Ganesa’s eye and blood oozed out from the stomach. Danam said he
had seen this and this has spread the news.
NOTE: There was strong religious belief and
sentiments in olden days and even in 21st century this kind of deity’s, idol,
tree and other sacred ones are revered, if it is damaged severe problem will
arise immediately.
04-06-1762: Pillai recorded the information about
the conflict between Kandy king and the Dutch. In order to support and strengthen,
Kandy King sent his wife to meet Thanjavur king at Thoothukudi and Nagapatinam
seeking help, but the Thanjavur King refused to support. Then again Kandy king
sent his Muslim minister with 2,000 varagan, coral jewels as gift to present it
to the English Governor Pigot and also offered permission to trade in a port if
they helped, but the Governor refused that they will not go against Dutch, if
you allot a port we will trade from there. Then the English sent six ships to
Ceylon but when intercepted they fled and returned.
10-06-1762: Thanjavur authorities made a deal to
purchase 24 cannons from Tharangampadi Dutch company one month ago. Money for
this purchase was paid ten days before in presence of Nagore Revenue official
Kanagasabai. In order to load it in a catamaran near Nagore 49 labourers were
arranged. Then the cannons were drawn by bullock carts with 29 persons for each
cannon. A dispute arose between a marriage party taking procession in a grand
manner in Tharangambadi is also noted down on this day.
11-06-1762: It is heard that Mohammed Yusuf Khan (1725-1764),
(British East India company army leader at Madurai) has sent his representative
to Nagapatinam for purchase of gun, cannon balls, tin, sulphur and brought it
to Nagore to transport through sea shore by boat to Athirampatinam. On the way
Revenue official Kanagasabai pillai stopped that arms and ammunitions belong to
English and sent message to Thanjavur king. The King replied that they
purchased it and Kanagasabai pillai released it. There was also information
that a white man came from Madurai, he had 300 to 400 rupees to purchase
sulphur and also to collect cannon balls, bullets, guns and cannon.
13-06-1762: In a godown at Tharangambadi Fort
certain materials like saree, bronze items were stolen and the wooden box was
burnt. The materials lost were copper vessel-5, pair of pots-2, big basket-7, a
long gown-1, green silk cloth-3, silver smeared item-1, silver spoon-2 and some
sarees.
22-06-1762: A Portuguese ship went to Mozambique
and loaded black people and came to Goa. Letters were brought in the ship and
it was intended to be given to Frenchmen at Mysore. The French chief Heguel had
arranged two harkarers to deliver the letters to Nagapatinam, but at the banks
of Kaveripoompatinam the Englishmen seized the letters and message could not
reach the destination.
08-07-1762: A French prisoner has gone to northern
side and returned with a Muslim lady and died afterwards. His death was
informed to the Dutch Governor and he arranged for his last rites with white
people and Frenchmen. Then his belongings were sold on auction and his debt and
other accounts were settled as per his will.
NOTE: When a white man or any foreigner died
without any heir or relative to receive his assets, belongings, it was sold
through auction and if any debt is pending to be settled or money to paid the
account is settled by sale through auction during the colonial period.
13-07-1762:
Some days before Villupuram Revenue officer Venkatarayan was arrested and taken
out to Arcot and his legs were tied and Ayyan Sastri was appointed in his
place. Ayyan sastri snatched Venkatarayan’s house and properties, 8,000 cows,
80,000 kalam paddy (1,59,200 kgs) and this all totalled 1,30,000 rupees.
Venkatarayan was also hand cuffed, arrested and kept in confinement at
Thiruvamathur temple.
NOTE: During colonial period whenever the concerned
Government authorities besieged and administered an area/land they took control
of the temples and used as fort, store rooms of ammunition, resting place as
well as prison which is well known from this record.
11-08-1762: A dance drama called Kuravanji was
performed in Porayar Theradi street. In an Agraharam a Brahmin arranged dinner
to 60 people and some Christians also participated. They were also presented
with dhoti and turban.
16-08-1762: An information received that North
Palayakar that Vaiayapuri pillai has sold paddy without paying tax and he was
caught by Seshachala chetty and Muthiya pillai, it was then reported to the
Governor. The Governor was angry and ordered to put him in jail and cut off his
ear and chase him out. But the Palayakar pleaded for that he may be pardoned.
23-08-1762: Tharangambadi trader Seshachala chetty
had received 50 guns form the Governor and sent 25 of them to Thanjavur.
24-08-1762: The guns sent to Thanjavur yesterday
was confiscated by the English soldiers in Thillayadi and taken away to
Karaikal. When Thanjavur harkar told to the Tharangambadi Governor and the
Governor has said that if this could have happened in our territory we can
inform to release but it was caught in the Thanjavur area so we cannot do
anything.
30-08-1762: River cauvery overflowed and it gushed
on the west side of Srirangam. The people in Thanjavur area cut down trees near
the road, river and groves. It is heard that this kind of flood was not seen
for the past 5 or 6 years. Two brahmins walked on the banks of Thirumalairayan
canal and one of them was caught and swallowed by a python and other one hit
the snake and pulled out the person tearing its mouth. The injured Brahmin was
taken to his house and died after three days.
10-09-1762: The King of Thanjavur wrote to
Chennapatinam to return the guns that was taken away from Tharangambadi on
23-08-1762 by the English and it was sent to Karaikal and then to
Chennapattinam. Hence the guns were again returned via Cuddalore and
Chidambaram to Thanjavur.
27-09-1762: A ship from Europe arrived
Tharangambadi after 9 months and when it anchored, 11 cannon shots were fired
from the ship and another 11 shots were fired from the port and the ship
captain landed. Next day the diarist has mentioned that the ship has brought a
letter for the Governor who has died earlier with one box of silver, two boxes
of silver for the Danish company, Iron and woollen cloth. During the voyage the
ship lagged behind more than two months due to heavy winds.
18-10-1762:
Cannon shot fired in Nagapatinam was heard in Porayar. (The distance between
Porayar/Tharangambadi comes to approximately 33 KMs and such loud shot is heard
before 263 years)
Conclusion:
The
first volume of this diary which spans about two years, he has narrated the
political events that took place at Tharangampadi, Vellore, Thanjavur,
Chennapattinam, Ceylon and these are events that took place during the period
of the diary and this information are received from the messages, letters and others.
As he did not involve in any trade activities and lived in exile from his
native place, his life entirely enumerates the events of everyday life, rituals,
beliefs and political happenings from others. All the Ananda Ranga pillai
family members firmly believe in astrology that is obviously recorded in their
diaries. From the date wise event there are some startling facts that is
interesting to know that took place before two centuries. The diary of Ananda
Rangapillai who is talented and well knowledgeable served as Chief
dubashi/Courtier/Agent/Chef de Malabar/leader of local people gives more
elaborate events and several anecdotes, since the diary extents to 25 years
with 12 volumes whereas Rangappa Thiruvengadam Pillai diary in two volumes
covers 7 years.
1.
S.Jeyaseela Stephen, Tamizhil Natkurupukal (Pathinettam Nootrandu), Seithi
Ethazhgalin
Munodigal,
Institute
of Indo-European Studies, 1999, page 51 to 75 and S.Jeyaseela
Stephen,
Tamizhar Ezhuthiya Natkurupugalum Tamizh Urainadai Valarchiiyum, (1736-
1874), NCBH, July,2024 page 34 to 43
2.
Ibid, Pg.51 and 35
3.
Mellath Thirantha Tamizh urainadai Ilakiyathin kathavu (1586-1899), NCBH, Nov,
2024
P.142
and S.Jeyaseela Stephen,
Iroppiar Ezhuthiya Tamizh Urainadai Noolgaloom, Ilakiya
Valarchiiyum Achidappaduthalum vaasipu
varalaroom, (1580-1872), NCBH, Feb,2025
page 112
4. Deepthi
Aunra Jayatunga, Kandyan Kingdom - King Keerthi Sri Rajasinha and British
Envoy John Pybus,
www.virtuallibrary – Sri Lanka page 2 & 3
